Fw: [P2assist] Fluorescent lights
Tom Rhodes
tom.rhodes@ncmail.net
Tue, 31 Jul 2001 15:07:48 -0400
Here is a response from another colleague regarding the TCLP compliant LCMs.
Tom Rhodes
Waste Management Analyst
NC DENR Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
1639 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27629-1639
(919) 715-6516
"To The Greater Good....."
tom.rhodes@ncmail.net
www.p2pays.org
Join the P2pays Listserv at
http://ncc-1701d.p2pays.org/mailman/listinfo/p2assist
----- Original Message -----
From: Ron Still <Ron_Still@p2pays.org>
To: 'Tom Rhodes' <tom.rhodes@ncmail.net>
Sent: Tuesday, July 31, 2001 1:43 PM
Subject: RE: [P2assist] Fluorescent lights
SUMMARY: The Truth about TCLP-Passing Fluorescent Lamps
Philips Lighting Company has several times raised the issue of fluorescent
lamps which pass the TCLP test by using "additives". This paper addresses
the issue from a scientific perspective.
Executive Summary
The Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is a test that is used to
determine if a waste is hazardous under the Federal Resource Conservation
Recovery Act.
The TCLP is designed to simulate landfill disposal where the used product
will be co-mingled with other municipal waste.
Currently available fluorescent lamps that pass the TCLP do not do so simply
by lowering the mercury dose.
Such lamps instead rely on the properties of other unique lamp components,
which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Removal of the unique components will generally cause the lamps to fail the
TCLP.
The use of "additives" to enable lamps to pass the TCLP is permissible and
has the same beneficial environmental effect as the use of components that
are not additives.
January 2000
The TCLP
"The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is designed to
simulate the leaching a waste will undergo if disposed in a sanitary
landfill." During the test, a sample of lamp waste "is extracted with the
appropriate buffered acetic acid solution for 18 ± 2 hours."1 The resulting
extract is analyzed for certain metals (e.g., mercury) and the
concentrations are compared to specified regulatory limits. The TCLP design
assumes that the potentially hazardous waste comprises at most 5% of all the
material in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill; that is, the wastes are
co-mingled with other wastes in the landfill.
All major lamp manufacturers market some types of fluorescent lamps that
pass the TCLP test, i.e., yield TCLP extracts with less than 0.2 milligrams
of mercury per liter. There have been claims by one manufacturer, Philips,
that its lamps pass the TCLP without the use of additives and "without
sacrificing life, light output or performance." In fact, all TCLP-passing
lamps contain enough mercury to fail the TCLP test if all the mercury were
to dissolve during the test. It is only because of other unique components
in the lamps that soluble mercury is converted to an insoluble form during
the TCLP test to enable the lamps to pass the test.
Mercury in a failed fluorescent lamp is present as elemental or liquid
mercury and soluble ionic mercury.
While elemental mercury, Hg0, is virtually insoluble in the TCLP leaching
fluid, ionic mercury, Hg2+, dissolves easily. As a fluorescent lamp is used,
some portion of the elemental mercury is converted to soluble ionic mercury.
The mercury in solution at the end of the TCLP depends on reactions
occurring during the TCLP.
During the TCLP, some of the soluble ionic mercury, Hg2+, may be converted
to insoluble elemental mercury, Hg0, by reaction with lamp parts made of
reducing metals (e.g., iron) or other reducing agents present within the
leaching vessel. Likewise, some of the elemental mercury, Hg0, may be
converted to soluble ionic mercury, Hg2+, through reactions with oxygen and
metals within the leaching vessel.
Factors affecting the TCLP.
TCLP results on a lamp (i.e., the mercury concentration in the TCLP fluid
after 18 hours of extraction) will depend on a number of factors, the most
important of which are:
Amounts of ionic and elemental mercury, Hg2+ and Hg0, in the lamp
Metal content (type and amount) of lamp components
Acid-base content of lamp components
Other chemical components, e.g., cements, phosphors
Oxygen pressure
Lamp weight
For a given lamp type, the mercury concentration in the TCLP extract at the
end of the test is determined primarily both by the amount of Hg2+
originally in the lamp and by the metals and other chemicals of which the
lamp is constructed.
1 EPA SW-846, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (Physical/Chemical
Methods)," Chapter 7, "Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure," page
SEVEN-13
TCLP-Passing Fluorescent Lamp Designs
All TCLP-passing fluorescent lamps depend on one of the following unique
components to ensure passing:
Metal parts capable of reducing ionic Hg2+ to elemental Hg0 Iron, copper,
etc. (Sylvania's US Pat. No. 5,229,687)
Soluble material capable of reducing ionic Hg2+ to elemental Hg0
Material capable of enhancing the reduction of ionic Hg2+ by metals.
Compounds of copper, other metals and chlorine
Effect of Unique Components on TCLP Results
The three large lamp manufacturers employ different unique components that
ensure that their TCLP passing lamps pass the TCLP test under virtually all
circumstances. The effect of the unique components on the TCLP results is
illustrated in Figure 1 for a 34-watt Cool White lamp. Without the unique
components, lamps with as little as 4.0 mg of soluble ionic mercury would
yield a TCLP value of over 0.3 mg per liter, above the 0.2 mg/l EPA limit.
In the presence of iron shields, which are used in Philips' ALTO® lamps, the
TCLP results are below the limit for lamps containing up to about 7 mg of
soluble ionic mercury. With Sylvania's ECOLOGICTM and General Electric's
ECOLUX® lamps, the TCLP results are well below the limit for lamps
containing 10 mg of soluble ionic mercury.
Importance of Iron Shields in Failed ALTO® Lamps
The unique components in Philips' ALTO® lamps are the two iron cathode
shields. The importance of the iron shields in failed ALTO® lamps is
demonstrated in Figures 2 and 3. These figures illustrate the TCLP results
obtained by two laboratories (one independent) on 25 failed F40CW/RS/EW/ALTO
and F32T8/TL741/ALTO lamps. The 11 T12's failed (i.e. no longer useable) on
an industry-standard life test between 10,000 and 15,000 hours. The 14 T8's
were removed from service at customer locations due to low lumen output
caused by mercury depletion. Both groups of failed lamps (4 T12 & 6 T8)
passed the TCLP when tested whole. However, when the iron shields were
removed prior to the TCLP, all (7 T12 and 8 T8) failed the test.
Additives or Not
Iron shields are a functional design feature of Philips ALTO® lamps sold in
the US. They are not, however, essential to lamp operation and are not in
fact used in Sylvania or General Electric lamps. The presence of these
components ensures that ALTO® lamps are TCLP-passing. Even if the iron
shields are construed to be additives, it is perfectly permissible for a
manufacturer to design a product to pass the TCLP test, and it is
environmentally responsible to design products to minimize soluble mercury.
To suggest otherwise is wrong and irresponsible.
Furthermore, in a landfill situation, there is an equal likelihood of the
mercury reacting with unique components, whether they are additives or not.
In reality, the mercury is far more likely to react with the abundance of
other materials contained in adjacent wastes.
Figure 1. Effect of Lamp Components on TCLP Results F40T12 CW Lamps
Containing TCLP-Soluble Mercury
Soluble Mercury Content (mg)
Figure 2. TCLP Results for Failed (Burned-Out) T12 ALTO Lamps 1995/1996
F40CW/RS/EW/ALTO
Total Mercury Content (mg)
Figure 3. TCLP Results for Mercury-Depleted T8 ALTO Lamps 1998
F32T8/TL741/ALTO Lamps from Field
Total Mercury Content (mg)
Who We Are | Where We Are
How We Began | Press Xpress
Feature Stories | The Lab
Human Resources | Annual Report 99-00
OSRAM SYLVANIA Canada Homepage | Contact Us | Search | Store Locator
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Home | About Us | Site Map | Quote | List | Features | Products |
Pricing
FLUORESCENT | FULL SPECTRUM | ALTO LOW-MERCURY | CAPSULES |
ALTO FLUORESCENT LAMPS ALTO FLUORESCENT LAMPS ALTO FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Alto Fluorescent lamps are a great, environmentally friendly alternative to
regular fluorescent lamps.
EPA Waste Minimization:
Reducing Mercury Use
9:00 am to 4:30 pm Mountain time
ALTO FLUORESCENTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
With the mercury content of fluorescent lamps becoming an increasing
concern, Philips Lighting has designed a revolutionary new process that
reduces the mercury levels so that lamps pass the TCLP test at the end of
life while still maintaining their long life. This leading-edge ALTO process
provides all the benefits of regular fluorescents up front with no added
disposal or recycling expenses.
PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
A FIRST
The first fluorescent lamps that pass the U.S. EPA's test for non-hazardous
waste.
CALIFORNIA COMPLIANT
The ONLY fluorescent lamp granted non hazardous status by the state of
California.
DISPOSAL SAVINGS
Eliminate costs and burdens associated with hazardous waste lamp disposal.
IDENTICAL PERFORMANCE
Same rated lamp life, color rendering, light output and energy-efficiency as
standard lamps.
GREEN END CAPS
Allow for product differentiation at time of purchase and at end of lamp
life.
HOW IT WORKS
Philips new mercury-reducing process insures the insertion of highly
accurate very small doses of mercury into the lamp in conjunction with a
proprietary process that maintains lamp life while allowing the lamp to pass
the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) hazardous waste test.
Alto Fluorescent Listings
Shopping Cart | Live Help | Line Card | Product Lines | Contact
Us | Quotation
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
LIGHTING
May 2000 NEWS
DO MORE WITH LIGHTING
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
OCTRON® XP(tm) FLUORESCENT LAMPS
OUC UPGRADES WITH OCTRON XP/ECO®
Did you know that?
For more information
Back to Index
OCTRON® XP(tm) FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Up To 24,000 Hours Life
94% Lumen Maintenance
Higher Lumens and CRI than Standard T8 Lamps
TCLP Compliant Types Available
SYLVANIA has expanded its growing OCTRON XP family of fluorescent lamps with
the addition of 6-foot, 8-foot and Curvalume types. FO72/XP lamps are
46-watt , 18,000 hour, replacements for 55-watt, F72T12 lamps. FO96/XP lamps
are energy saving alternatives for F96T12 (60 & 75 watt) and HO (800 mA, 95
& 110 watt) lamps operated on magnetic ballasts. FBO31/XP and FBO32/XP
U-shaped versions are also available.
OCTRON XP/ECO (2', 3', 4', and 5' linear) lamps feature higher initial and
maintained lumens, 20% longer life and higher CRI (85) than OCTRON 800
series lamps. These lamps pass the Federal Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) test for classification as non-hazardous waste in most
states.* When combined with QUICKTRONIC® ballasts, there is an OCTRON XP
system for virtually every commercial lighting application.
*Laws may vary, check your local and state regulations.
*Installation costs may vary
** Based on 4000 hours of operation per year & $0.10 per kWh
Back to the top
OUC UPGRADES WITH OCTRON XP/ECO®
Reduced Energy Costs
Improved Lighting Conditions
Environmentally Friendlier Lamps
QUICK 60+(tm) Warranty
In an effort to become more energy efficient while improving lighting
conditions, the Orlando Utility Commission (OUC) performed a large scale
lighting retrofit featuring OCTRON XP/ECO lamps and QUICKTRONIC PLUS
ballasts. The main objective of the project was to lower their
administration buildings' energy costs, targeting approximately 1200 4-lamp
fluorescent fixtures with 34W T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts.
Since the project criteria were not limited to energy savings, the OUC
surveyed employees about their lighting and performed test installations
before deciding to retrofit these lighting fixtures with two OCTRON XP/ECO
lamps and one QUICKTRONIC PLUS ballast. OUC chose this system for its energy
savings, high lumen output, 24,000-hour lamp life and better color
rendition. Features like SYLVANIA's QUICK 60+ warranty are expected to
provide additional maintenance cost savings.
Source: OUC Lighting Retrofit Project Report
Back to the top
Did you know that?
An entire facility can be lit with environmentally friendlier SYLVANIA
ECOLOGIC® lamps. ECOLOGIC lamps are TCLP compliant, since mercury and/or
lead has been reduced or eliminated. ECOLOGIC lamps are classified as
non-hazardous waste in most states and are easier to dispose of at end of
life.
The ECOLOGIC product family includes fluorescent, high intensity discharge,
halogen and incandescent lamp types including; OCTRON® T8, SUPERSAVER® and
standard 4-foot and 8-foot linear T12, LUMALUX® HPS, METALARC® PAR38 metal
halide, CAPSYLITE® PAR, TRU-AIM® MR-16, double-ended and bi-pin halogen,
A-line MB CAPSYLITE® and incandescent A-line (32W-135W) lamps. SYLVANIA
offers the only mercury-free HPS lamp, LUMALUX® MERCURY-FREE/ECO.
For more information on the entire ECOLOGIC product line, please request our
family brochure below.
Back to the top
For more information
Back to Index
Who We Are | Where We Are
How We Began | Press Xpress
Feature Stories | The Lab
Human Resources | Annual Report 99-00
OSRAM SYLVANIA Canada Homepage | Contact Us | Search | Store Locator
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
NEMA RELEASES STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMPS
ROSSLYN, Va., February 10, 2000¾ NEMA, the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association, has released LL 6-1999, Procedures for Integral Electronic
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Sample Preparation and the TCLP and LL 7-1999,
Generic Designation System for Pin-based Compact Fluorescent and T5 Twin
Fluorescent Lamps.
LL 6-1999 covers integral electronic compact fluorescent lamps. It was
developed to establish a uniform method of sample preparation for integral
electronic compact fluorescent lamps in order to minimize the inherent
variability associated with TCLP testing of such lamps. The standard also
specifies other important aspects related to the leaching process that are
not specifically defined for lamps by the EPA's SW-846 "Test Methods for
Evaluating Solid Waste (Physical/Chemical Methods)," but that have
contributed to test variability if not properly controlled.
"This standard is the latest in a series of standards developed specifically
to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of testing various lamps
according to EPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, or TCLP,"
says Edward Yandek of GE Lighting. "TCLP is important since it is used to
determine if certain lamps need to be disposed of as hazardous waste under
federal and state requirements. LL6 establishes sample preparation
procedures for compact fluorescent lamps which contain an integral
electronic ballast. The procedures outlined make it much easier for those
running the TCLP test to prepare samples in a uniform manner, greatly
reducing the risk that sample preparation will bias the test results."
LL 7-1999 provides a generic designation system for pin-based compact
fluorescent lamps and T5 twin fluorescent lamps. The number of different
lamp types and the varying terminology used by lamp manufacturers to
describe these lamps can cause confusion in the marketplace. This generic
designation system helps identify the various lamps, simplifying
specification and re-ordering.
"This standard is an updated revision of the generic designation system that
was originally developed by the NEMA Lamp Section. Its purpose is to provide
a simple standardized method for designating the many different types of
plug-in CFL lamps that have evolved since the mid 1980's," says Yandek,
noting that it "establishes a generic designation system that is employed by
the lighting industry to make it simpler for end users to match up the
proper lamps with their corresponding ballasts and luminaires." Peter
Bleasby of Osram Sylvania, Inc. urges all NEMA and non-NEMA manufacturers of
lamp ballasts to use this generic designation system.
LL 6-1999 may be purchased for $22.00 and LL 7-1999 for $16.00 by contacting
Global Engineering Documents at (800) 854-7179 (within the U.S.), (303)
397-7956 (international), (303) 397-2740 (fax), or on the Internet at
www.global.ihs.com.
NEMA is the leading trade association in the United States representing the
interests of electroindustry manufacturers. Founded in 1926 and
headquartered near Washington, D.C., its 550 member companies manufacture
products used in the generation, transmission and distribution, control, and
end-use of electricity. Annual shipments of these products total $100
billion.
###
This article is written by:
Anne Brinser
Standards Editor
(703) 841-3222
ann_brinser@nema.org
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Provide outstanding performance and pass the EPA Toxicity test.
Plus... XL version provides
20% longer life.
Now there's a family of reduced mercury fluorescent lamps designed for
optimum performance and environmental responsibility - introducing GE
Ecolux.
Passes the EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test,*
substantially lowering disposal costs. Lamps which pass the TCLP test are
considered non-hazardous waste in most states**, in these areas, use of GE
Ecolux lamps will significantly reduce lamp disposal costs.
Delivers outstanding lamp performance
Long life... XL version lasts 30,000 hours (12 hours per start)
Excellent light output
High lumen maintenance
Ecolux is available in T8 and T12 Lamps:
4-foot SP/SPX T8(tm) with Starcoat®
Highest CRI, more light over life - GE exclusive Starcoat technology
provides the best color rendering (78 CRI for SP versions, 86 CRI for SPX)
and highest lumen maintenance (95%) in the industry.
38% Energy Cost Savings - 4-foot T8 systems (T8 lamp operated on electronic
ballast) reduce energy costs 38% while maintaining 98% of the light output
of a standard F40CW System. With a 4-lamp T8 system, you save $136.00 in
energy costs over lamp life (@ 10¢ per KWH).
4-foot and 8-foot T12 Watt-Miser®
Energy Efficiency - 15% to 20% energy cost saving vs. standard full wattage
T12 lamps, while maintaining 86% to 88% of the light output.
Available in popular SP color (70-73 CRI) for superior lumen output and
color rendering. Economical cool white color also available.
*Based upon GE Lighting TCLP test protocal.
For more information, see GE document "The Ecolux Fluorescent Lamp."
**State regulations vary. Consult your state EPA.
Specifications
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Ronald Lee Still - Ronald.Still@ncmail.net
http://www.p2pays.org - Telephone 919-715-6520
1639 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1639
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
My work saves the taxpayers of North Carolina $60,000-$250,000 annually.
-----Original Message-----
From: Tom Rhodes [mailto:tom.rhodes@ncmail.net]
Sent: Tuesday, July 31, 2001 12:30 PM
To: Ronald Still
Subject: Fw: [P2assist] Fluorescent lights
Here is the inquiry. Wanna join the P2assist listserv? Click here
http://ncc-1701d.p2pays.org/mailman/listinfo/p2assist
Tom Rhodes
Waste Management Analyst
NC DENR Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
1639 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27629-1639
(919) 715-6516
"To The Greater Good....."
tom.rhodes@ncmail.net
www.p2pays.org
Join the P2pays Listserv at
http://ncc-1701d.p2pays.org/mailman/listinfo/p2assist
----- Original Message -----
From: a a <listbox4@yahoo.com>
To: <p2assist@ncc-1701d.p2pays.org>
Sent: Monday, July 30, 2001 4:35 PM
Subject: [P2assist] Fluorescent lights
> Dear readers,
>
> Greetings from Commerce City, Colorado. I am Justin
> Laboe, Pollution Prevention Specialist with the
> Tri-County Health Department. I am new to the field
> and this list-serve and apologize if I am sending this
> email inquiry to an inappropriate listserve. If it is
> better posted somewhere else, please let me know
> where.
>
> I am looking for a list of fluorescent light bulbs (by
> manufacturer/brand name) that pass the TCLP test.
> This will be added into a fact sheet on lighting waste
> from small businesses.
>
> Thanks,
> Justin Laboe
> Pollution Prevention Specialist
> Tri-County Health Department
> 4201 East 72nd Avenue, Suite D
> Commerce City, CO 80022
> (720) 322-1541
> Fax: (720) 322-1500
> laboe@tchd.org
>
>
> __________________________________________________
> Do You Yahoo!?
> Make international calls for as low as $.04/minute with Yahoo! Messenger
> http://phonecard.yahoo.com/
> _______________________________________________
> P2assist mailing list
> P2assist@lists.p2pays.org
> http://lists.p2pays.org/mailman/listinfo/p2assist
>